Children and Play

D1, D2, D3 There are many different settings where children can play. Children from a very young age can go to a baby room and after the baby room, children can go to pre-school nursery and then they can go to school. In my assignment these are the three settings I will be talking about. In a baby room the age range would be 9 months to 1 year old. The stage of play for this age range is solitary play. In solitary play children play on their own, totally independent from adults or other children. In a pre-school nursery the age range would be from 3 to 4 years old. There are 3 different stages of play this age range would be at. These are parallel, associative and co-operative play. Parallel play is when a child is playing along aside another child, but not playing with the other children. Associative play is when children share their materials and they talk to one and other. They all have different ideas of what they want to do and play. Co-operative play is when a child plays within a group and fully interacts with the other children. They also share their resources. In a school the age range is 5 to 11 years old. The stage of play the children are at is co-operative play, (see above for co-operative play). In a baby room the play that takes place is physical play. Physical play may include crawling and walking. Some children may be picking up objects, e. g. rattles and sucking toys.

Letters from Earth Analysis Essay

In Mark Twain’s Letters from Earth after a brief introduction by Twain, the story shifts to the letters written by Satan to his friends in heaven. In the first letter, Satan—who has been banished to Earth for one thousand â€Å"Earth days†Ã¢â‚¬â€ goes on to say that the people, the other animals, the earth itself are all insane. Nature itself is insane. This first letter is a very blunt statement on human arrogance and hypocrisy. He says goes on to explain his declaration over the course of the next ten letters. The second letter explains the curiosity that is heaven as it is perceived on the earth. First and foremost, Satan points out that sexual intercourse is absent in this version of heaven. This is a peculiarity, due to the amount of emphasis placed on it during human life. He wonders why they would leave it out if they enjoy it so much on earth. In fact, people have created a heaven full of things they don’t value. On earth, most men do not sing and/or cannot stand singing, very few people play instruments, people don’t like to pray, people are bored in church, everyone looks down upon everyone else, all â€Å"sane† people detest noise. Keeping that in mind, Satan wonders why then that â€Å"heaven† is full of endless church services where everyone loves everyone else while they all sing and play a musical instrument. In letter three, Christianity is discussed. Satan claims that humans desire to be like (their) God, yet God is nobody to emulate. God punished Adam and Eve when he really had no reason to tempt them in the first place. He also continued to punish the next generations for a crime they did not commit (in regards to the forbidden fruit). People don’t treat their children that way, yet they claim to live in the image of God. He has set rules, yet he himself does not follow them.

Bad Boys II Movie Review

Bad Boys II Movie Review The film Bad Boys II, starring two cops named Marcus and Mike (Martin Lawrence and Will Smith), is set in Miami where both partners are assigned to look for clues and evidence for an international drug dealer’s arrest. As they start with the investigation and stake outs, they find themselves insulting each other, fighting like little brothers, and messing up operations. Aside from cop work, Marcus soon discovers some information about the whereabouts and actions of his sister (Gabrielle Union), who is also an undercover agent working for the FBI. Stunned, Marcus becomes irritated with his partner and debates if he really should transfer. The movie’s genre was mostly action-packed. The strengths of the action part because the actors were racing against time to achieve a goal, the shootouts that took place, and tons of explosions. The strength of the romance parts shows Mike and Marcus’ sister together occasionally showing their love affections to one another while trying to hide the secret from Marcus. The strength of the comedy part is when the partners argue or when Marcus freaks out about his sister dating his Mike. A weakness throughout the entire movie was there was too many arguments between the partners when the focus of the movie should’ve been on the case. The movie fulfilled all the parts of story plot, but the visual effects and the audio needed work. One problem was that during the night scenes, the lighting throughout the scene wasn’t good because I couldn’t tell who was talking, who the characters were, and where the cameras were supposed to be focused in on. Naturally, actors’ voices tend to be quieter at night to fit the mood in the scene but I could barely hear the characters’ lines. There were no big distractions that deterred my attention away from the focus of the scene, it’s just the work of the audio and visual. This could’ve been fixed by adding mics on the actors adding props like light posts to or candles near them to enhance the lighting in the scene. While the movie is filled with action and is barely slowed paced, certain parts are realistic but not all. For example, when the international drug dealer, Carlos ‘Johnny’ Tapia’s (Jordi Molla) operation is discovered by the cops, he decides to takes Marcus’ sister hostage after discovering she is an agent. In my opinion, this isn’t realistic because you wouldn’t have your sister working as an agent, she wouldn’t be working on the same mission as you, and she wouldn’t get kidnapped to be forced to leave to Cuba with the enemy. Another example is during a chasing scene, Mike is behind the wheel, Marcus and his sister are trying to lose the enemies in pursuit by shooting at them. At one point they cross through a village where there looks to be inhabited by Cubans but there is no people in the huts or around the village. If there are two trucks running through a village, destroying their property, where was everyone? Where did they go? The least the movie directors could’ve done is have people scream in fear to make it look inhabited. Compared to the first â€Å"Bad Boys† movie, this movie is completely differently but does have the same story plot. In the first movie, there is a drug dealer or the antagonist, the two heroes, the sidekick, and operations. The second movie has everything the first movie has just a little more detailed than the first. The difference between the two movies was the time difference. The time was really important when comparing the movies together, because of the advancement in the camera technology, the filters used, and how realistic the explosions were or the actors’ lines. Overall, I believe the movie is an ok movie. It’s a film worth seeing if you’re into action, and like explosions spraying across the television. Aside from being action-packed and funny, it can also be informative, which is something not a lot of movies directors input into movies nowadays. Michael Bay has proven to world yet again that this film can be a hyperkinetic. Bay gives the audience a new surprise around every corner, giving the movie a new kind of excitement. Some of the viewers and fans have also requested a third movie to come out and directors have heard requests and plan on making a sequel, meaning this won’t be the last time hearing from the two bad boys for life.

Problems in Total Quality within the Workplace Assignment

Problems in Total Quality within the Workplace - Assignment Example Unfortunately, this in itself has been a perplexing task since TQM has had various definitions for different people. The TQM philosophy revolves around assumptions that are manifested in people, quality, corporations and the role of top management (Hackman & Wageman, 1995). The strategy outlines four core principles that bring about quality improvement. The first pertains to the process control and design which requires training at all levels of the organization (Hackman & Wageman, 1995). The second pertains to elimination of uncontrolled variance in process standards (Hackman & Wageman, 1995). The third relates to the methodical collection of data and finally, the fourth pertains to continuous improvement (Hackman & Wageman, 1995). However, the implementation of TQM and its application to industries is not as simplistic as its explanation; it is plagued by several problems. Recent research suggests that more than 80% of TQM efforts have failed to achieve desired tangible results since top management fails to set SMART goals (Kearney, 1992). Most organizations have failed to realize significant competitive edge through initiation of these efforts. TQM requires a culture whereby organizations are devoted to increasing quality, often at the expense of short term profits. However, several profit organizations take a myopic view when they aim for short term profits rather than quality. In organizations in the public sector, the issue is that of excessive government intervention and influence on the organization’s activities (Sarkar, 1991). State run organizations are often bureaucratic in nature and tend to deviate from quality improvement activities. In such organizations it is difficult to embed the TQM culture. Furthermore, in certain developing countries the culture is such that it negates change and does not encourage empowerment that is fundamental to the achievement

How Gene Luen Yang's Life contributes To the Novel American Born Essay

How Gene Luen Yang's Life contributes To the Novel American Born Chinese - Essay Example Monkey King is a master of the kung-fu arts, and this makes him be adored by his subjects and the most powerful monkey on the earth. However, the Monkey King wants to be recognized as god and not a monkey. Chin-Kee is a typical Chinese stereotype and he keeps on ruining his cousin’s (Danny) life. Danny is a great basketball player and a famous kid at school. However, each year Chin-Kee visits; he is forced to transfer to another school so that he escapes the shame. These three unrelated stories make up the comic novel â€Å"American Born Chinese† (Barnes&Noble 1). Themes The main theme in the comic novel is the attempt to fit in. There is tension between cultural forces and the essential self. In the storyline â€Å"Everyone Ruvs Chin-Kee,† American stereotypes are expressed by Gene Luen Yang’s narration as sitcom. The use of sitcom in this novel is proper because it is a genre that is mostly used in describing stereotypes. Chin-Kee as a typical Chinese is the part that Yang wants to deny in order to fit in with his white friends or peers. Chin-Kee offers nothing important to others in the context of the Chinese culture. This is because he is antiquated and dressed in the Chinese attire, speaks in Chinese accent, and instigates practices that the westerners find to be detestable (Pulliam 1). Chin-Kee eats cats and he is intensely patriarchal. He wants to look for an American girl who is big-breasted and whose feet he is able to bind so that he can have children with her. He plays horrible jokes on his peers, and he does not at all understand proper western behavior. Although Chin-Kee conforms to the stereotypic culture that all Asians are smart, in his case, the knowledge he has, is not useful at all. All the knowledge he has, is to popularize himself in the class and this makes him a laughing stock in an American high school. Yang has become completely assimilated as a Caucasian just like his parents. When it is time for Chin-Kee to leave, each of the parents believes that Chin-Kee is the relative of the other. This demonstrates the degree Jin’s parents have become assimilated (Pulliam 1). The Monkey King story represents the instance of Yang in regard to whom he really is and his culture. Just like the Monkey King, Yang tries to deny his actual self. At the end, the Monkey King must humbly accept who he is just like the monk Wong Lai-Tsao. According to Wong Lai-Tsao, this is the strategy to true transcendence, and it removes the suffering. The monk (Wong Lai-Tsao), â€Å"is free of want because he is free of ego that would make him want what he cannot have† (Pulliam 1). Among the four monks, he is the only monk who has attained legendary status in ancient times and his gifts are said to be remarkable. Wong Lai-Tsao was a master of being humble unlike the other monks who were either masters of bodily needs for movement or food or master rhetoricians. The monk is able to free the Monkey King from prison; he does this by telling him to accept his monkey form and give up all the other forms. If the Monkey King could have done that a long time, he would have been freed from prison. Just like Wong Lai-Tsao, the Monkey King is happy in his true form (the monkey form). Thus, Yang can only find happiness when he accepts who he is (Pulliam 1). Style The comic novel unfolds in three sections: a modern version of the Monkey King myth; the fake-sitcom of â€Å"

Technologies for Business Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technologies for Business - Research Proposal Example 5. It is critical to note that success and failure of such technologies also depends upon the way you project yourself and your company. Normally, small and start up businesses are largely dependent upon the person who is running the whole show therefore the business vision as well as strategic direction of the company which it is going to take. 6. The available technologies which can serve the basic purpose functionality as well as advanced functionalities for the firm include operating systems, PHP, .NET, Java Beans, J2EE, Java Scripting, FLASH, MySQL, ORACLE, SQL SERVER, SAAS and AJAX. 7. These technologies are easily available at relatively low expect few technologies such as Oracle etc. Start up businesses can easily integrate them into viable information technology solutions to remain competitive. 8. It is also important to note that these technologies offer different opportunities however, on the other hand there are associated risks with using such technologies also and start up businesses, due to their lack of expertise in each area, may find it difficult to utilize all such technologies to their fullest advantage. "The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible but predictable way."(http://computer.howstuffworks.com).1 There are normally two types of operating system which are in use. These are: MS -Windows Operating System 1. Microsoft Windows Operating system is one of the most widely used operating systems in the world. 2. It is used in more than 90% of the computers in use. 3. It is based on graphical user interface technology. 4. There are different versions of this operating system as from time, Microsoft has made changes to its system in order to accommodate new and more demanding technological requirements. 5. It is not that much costly and can run on any machine regardless of hardware configuration. Other operating systems such as Apple Mac can only run on the PCs made by Apple itself. Linux 1. Linux is the only open source freeware operating system in the world which is easily available. 2. It is technically one of the most sophisticated operating system and is mostly run on the servers meant for networking and storage requirements. 3. Linux is based on UNIX based operating system and support different programming languages. 4. This operating system however would be only suitable if business is willing to run some online services and require on-going server support. Other Technologies PHP 1. PHP is one of the scripting languages which are used for writing dynamic and interactive websites. 2. PHP is highly flexible and robust and can be imbedded into HTML. 3. This is an easy to use language and can be used for developing dynamic websites such as online web stores, shopping carts etc. 4. One of

The french revelosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The french revelosion - Essay Example The entire journey the political sphere of France underwent its course and the future path that it set forth. Out of many causes and factors that led to the initiation of the French Revolution, the political struggle, the process and journey undertaken was one of the main influence and describing factor of the revolution. The mention of the revolution would remain incomplete without the mention of the events, the policies and philosophies that were introduced in the political corridors throughout the course of the French Revolution. It was the political deprivation that had led to the resentment and feeling of alienation within the society. The case of voting by orders against voting by counts and heads was the main point of conflict. The General Assembly was existent only in name, and the last time it met, it was only in the beginning of the 17th century in 1614(Hill 2002). Since then it had not met. Like the rest of the Europe, France has had a history of being ruled by the monarchs. The dynastic rules being ruled by families was a prominent and common affair. In France it was King Louis XVI who was in power at the time of French revolution. He had succeeded his brother King Louis the XV. The dynastic and monarchic style of ruling had led to gulf building between the masses and the rulers. As a result of which, resentment crept in the ranks and the people started demanding for reforms. The reforms so demanded were of such nature that would provide them a relatively louder voice and better representation unlik e the pre revolutionary days. Once the revolution set off, the monarchy was sent packing. The king and his authority were marginalized and were cornered to a ceremonial post and function only. In times ahead, the king would see further humiliation, alienation and subsequent persecution and ultimate elimination. The following were major events and entities that came forth in the form of political innovation and activities in the course of French

Analyse your school's behaviour management policy and evaluate how it Essay

Analyse your school's behaviour management policy and evaluate how it meets the needs for safeguarding children in relation to y - Essay Example Therefore, the most dependable solution would be to ensure that there is effective classroom management on the part of the teacher. To get this process started a teacher should take their time to know more about the children that are in his/ her classroom. Once the teacher gets well acquainted with this information, they can be on the upper hand with better techniques and strategies on how to relate and communicate with the child in the classroom. Further on that, this information will help the teacher determine how the children will be positioned in the classroom setting based on their behaviours. According to Marzano (2003), the actions that a teacher pursues in the classroom can have a huge impact on the child and / or children with regard to their individual achievements in school. Based on the information provided, it can be revealed that when a teacher takes their time to know more about a child who is in their classroom - This trend will in turn aid in proper behaviour managem ent in the classroom setting and dynamics. Therefore, this paper seeks to showcase that the mandated school behaviour management policies aid in safeguarding children in all perspectives while they are in school. This is because the policies outline the roles, duties and responsibilities of each child as well as their teachers. According to CUHP (2011), behaviour management policy relates to the action of ensuring that children in all nature of schools have their behaviour monitored through approved strategies and techniques so as to ensure that they behave accordingly. That is; in a positive manner with their peers and/ or parents. Behaviour management policies are developed by individuals such as the staff, parents and governors. These policies bid on building and encouraging positive behaviour, fostering safety in the school setting, establishing friendships and relationships between children. Additionally, the policies incorporate the teachers who are in constant contact with th e children. According to a report by the House of Commons Education Committee (2011), behaviour and discipline polices need to be outlined, put into place and practiced in every school. The most important aspect is that they should be followed up by the parents, teachers and children so as to continuously promote good behaviour in schools. In the current school setting, the behaviour management policies focus on: Anti-bullying; Anti racism; Cyber bullying; Ensuring safety; Suspensions; Exclusions; Choice of language used. According to CUHP (2011), behaviour management policies yield a lot of positive benefits when they are practiced in the school setting. These benefits include: Development of a sense of judgement in emotion: Emotions need to be nurtured. This is due to the reason that different individuals have different kinds of emotions which could either be positive or negative. Positive emotions may range from being caring, respectful, patience, loving and confidence. Whereas, negative emotions may range from being jealous, resentful, fearful and self pity just to mention a few (Valencia n.d). Therefore, behaviour management policies help the child to have a clear sense of judgment with how they should react to different situations in the environment that they are in. Rise of sustainable friendships are relationships: As they say, â€Å"

Introduction to Political Science Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Political Science Quiz - Essay Example This was manifest in Egypt during the week that preceded the resignation of the country’s president Hosni Mubarak, whereby the entire rate of the use of social networks in eliminating poor leadership reached fever pitch. The Cold War began shortly after the World War II 1945 to around 1965. The fatal attack on Russia by Germany, which swayed the Italians to support the Allies, coupled by American intervention improved the Allies’ military strength shortly before 1945. The Germans and Japanese were deterred from taking territorial treasures and natural resources in Europe and Asia. The death of Adolf Hitler in 1945 signaled truce in Europe. Germany was attacked by the American Russian troops from the west and East respectively, defeating the Germans. Then quiet hostility became apparent again, the only common source of awe being the likely use of nuclear weapons. This fermented anxiety and dislike for combat, thus prompting the coining of the expression Cold War to refer to the situation (Fukuyama 321-362). The United States stood for capitalism, while the arch-rival Soviet Union preferred Communism, however after the disintegration of the latter power, capitalism became the government system preferred by the global hegemonic US. This jostling for political influence saw division of the entire Europe and Asia, with regional states either welcoming or being coerced into accepting one side. The concept of global hegemony was based on several local and global issues such as military alliances, political half truths, jostling for armaments, intelligence and growth of technology, especially the kind that would give a country a destructive edge between the US and the Soviet Union (Weinert 5-25). 3. Professor Fukuyama strives to depict the origins of political development from Chinese, Indian and Muslim history as well as the rise of the Mongols and the Ottoman Empire. Differentiate

The scholarly articles issues that are related to Chinas social Essay

The scholarly articles issues that are related to Chinas social security - Essay Example The scholarly articles issues that are related to China’s social security The article focuses on the need for reforming the social security sector in China. Scholarly articles are addressed to policy makers as evidenced by the three articles of which two were published in the International Journal of Social Welfare and the other article was published in the China Economic Review. Keywords: order, equations, systematic, articles 1. Introduction The scholarly articles chosen for this analysis address issues that are related to China’s social security. The three articles are consistent with the general trend exhibited in the discipline and will thus form the backbone of this analysis to cut across the discipline. Yang, Williamson, and Shen author the first article in the year 2009, and it was published in the International Journal of Social Welfare. The article addresses the issue of social security in China, specifically relating to the rural aged. The article has been written in efforts of attempting to alleviate the social security coverage in the country. Leung authored the second article selected in 2003, and it was published in the International Journal of Social Welfare. The article focuses on the need for reforming the social security sector in China. Feldstein is the author of the third article, published in the China Economic Review in 1999. The article’s focus is centered on the necessary reforms in the social security system of China. ... termined from an in-depth analysis conform to the general systematic set up of presenting findings that border on the social-economic aspect of daily life. The analysis is written in conformity with the writing style applied in the third article that was selected. The sections are a representative of the general format that is used in writing academic articles in the discipline. 2. Analysis of the articles The authors of the three articles are a true representative of the academic elite in the discipline with Leung working at the Department of Social Work and Social administration at the University of Hong Kong. Shen and Williamson are faculty members at the Boston College while Yang is a faculty member at the Beihang University. Feldstein is an associate at the Harvard University in the department of economics while at the same time he serves at the National Bureau of Economic Research. The five authors have a mastery aura of the field and this can be attested to by their systematic analysis of social economic issues that are linked to the provision of social security in China. The purposes of the different authors in the three articles are intertwined and are concentrated about providing a solution in the social security policy of China. The three articles identify the need of enacting a strong social security policy that would work towards ensuring that the elderly people of China reap the maximum benefit. The simplification of the social security system in the country alongside the increased coverage will be fruitful in reducing the country’s dependency level as well as improving the living standards of its elderly citizens. The rhetorical strategies advanced by the three articles are almost similar in the composition and advancement of the topics. The authors

Visual Word and Pseudohomophone Effect Essay Example for Free

Visual Word and Pseudohomophone Effect Essay Over the past three decades, more cognitive psychologists have paid more attention to the processes involved in visual word recognition than to almost any other subject in their field. The annals of cognitive psychology have thus burgeoned with papers on word recognition while work on other topics, many relating to other aspects of reading such as syntactic parsing or discourse memory, have been substantially less popular. There are many reasons why work in one research area can take off and flourish; reasons which are sociological and pragmatic rather than just scientific. As far as visual word recognition is concerned, there are several sociological/pragmatic factors. One relates to the advent of new technology. The development of the microcomputer provided ready access to procedures for online control of reaction time (RT) and tachistoscopic experiments, and there are few simpler stimuli to present on-line than single printed words. With simplicity comes some degree of popularity. The advent of the microcomputer stimulated research into visual word recognition in a less trivial way too, because microcomputers allowed more sophisticated experimental procedures to develop than were hitherto possible. (Johnson, Rayner, 2007) In particular, by linking computer controlled displays to eye movement recording apparatus, experimenters began for the first time to gain direct evidence of the relations between eye movements and reading. A second reason for the popularity of visual word recognition is that simple tasks are at hand, for which accurate and sensitive measures can be derived, such as lexical decision, naming, and semantic classification. Further, and perhaps most importantly, these tasks can be related to models of word recognition, in which task performance is decomposed into a series of processing stages characterized by access to different knowledge representations. An example of this is the logogen model in its revised form. This model hypothesizes the existence of separate stored representations for orthographic, semantic and phonological representations of words. Different tasks may tap into different levels of representation. For example, lexical decisions may be accomplished by monitoring activation in the orthographic lexicon; word naming will require access to the phonological lexicon (at least for words with irregular spelling-sound correspondences); semantic classification requires access to stored semantic knowledge. By using such tasks, investigators could attempt to tap and test the characteristics of the different stages in the processing system. (Perea Carreiras, 2006) Thus, visual word recognition has proved attractive because it has a broadly specified multi-stage architecture, with the stages apparently open to testing via the judicious use of different tasks. Consequently it can serve as a test-bed for experiments concerned with such general issues as how stored knowledge influences perception. A third reason for the large body of research on word recognition is that it is a basic process in reading upon which all other reading processes are predicated. Moreover, other processes in reading, such as syntactic parsing, sentence comprehension and so on, may exert only relatively weak influences on the recognition of fixated words, at least in skilled readers. In essence, skilled word identification may operate as a relatively free-standing module, and so can be studied in isolation from factors affecting other reading processes. A fourth reason is that word identification is the interface between higher- order cognitive processes (such as those concerned with text comprehension) and eye movements. The effect of such higher-order cognitive processes on eye movements can be assessed by testing whether saccadic and fixation patterns on particular words vary according to the syntactic ambiguity of the sentence or according to whether the sentence contains a garden path. Studies of the relations between eye movements and word processing therefore speaks to the general issue of how the eye movement system is controlled. Most current accounts of visual word identification assume that, in normal subjects, letter processing takes place in parallel across the word. A much more controversial issue concerns the nature of the representation that mediates lexical access. (Holcombe Judson, 2007) This controversy has a long history in both experimental psychology and education. In recent years, the traditional view that reading is parasitic upon some form of speech code has given way to the view that orthographic codes (at least in skilled readers) dominate lexical access. Pseudohomophones are nonword letter strings like PHOX that, when pronounced according to the normal spelling-sound correspondences of English, yield a pronunciation identical to that of a word (in this case FOX), which will be referred to as the base word. Pseudohomophones were pronounced more rapidly than control nonwords matched for orthographic properties. This effect, they argued, indicated some contact with lexical representations. However, they also found that pseudohomophone latency was uncorrelated with the frequency of the base word in spite of the fact that, when the base words were named, a respectable frequency effect was obtained. Pseudohomophone effect has been used for another purpose: pseudohomophones take longer to reject than control nonwords in the lexical decision task. (Crutch Warrington, 2006) Again, the performance measured must (sometimes, to some degree) be reflecting contact with lexical representations. Yet, although they obtained such a pseudohomophone effect in their study, it was uninfluenced by the frequency of the base word. Hence, they argue, this lexical contact is not frequency sensitive. The alert reader will be impatient for the link to the reading of ordinary words. The account offered by McCann and Besner is as follows. For normal reading, an orthographic code is used to access a lexicon of orthographic word forms; the best-matching entry is then mapped to a lexicon of phonological word forms via a direct connection. Pseudohomophones activate entries in the phonological lexicon (inasmuch as they do) via a different spelling-sound conversion process (the assembly process of the three-pathway model). (Ferrand, Grainger, 2003) The absence of a frequency effect for pseudohomophones coupled with evidence that they do activate lexical representations (at least to some degree) indicates that mere activation of the phonological lexicon cannot be the locus of the frequency effect for ordinary naming. Therefore this must be localized in either (activation of) the orthographic lexicon (identification in my terminology) or the mapping process (retrieval). The locus of the effect is unlikely to be the former considerations of architectural parsimony suggest that the most plausible scenario is one where either both of these lexicons are frequency sensitive, or neither of them is. (Laxon, Masterson, Gallagher Pay, 2002) It is, therefore, conclude that a principal locus of frequency effects is within the links that join the various components of lexical memory. These links are commonly described as condition- action rules for mapping representations in one domain onto representations in another domain. For word naming, the relevant condition-action rules are those that link lexical entries in the orthographic input lexicon with lexical entries in the phonological output lexicon. It will be apparent that this argument is both indirect and heavily dependent upon a dubious appeal to parsimony. There may be more specific problems with their data. Inasmuch as they are examining effects of frequency upon access to a phonological lexicon used also for auditory recognition, and inasmuch as the assembly process may be assumed to operate on the letter string from left to right, it would be appropriate to control for the effects of a variable well known to have major effects on auditory lexical decision time, namely recognition point; that is, that point in the phonological string where it diverges from other words in the lexicon. The frequency of the base-word could only modulate this difference. Modulation of such a small effect cannot be easy to detect reliably. As a benchmark, it may be noted that the range of the frequency effect in both mixed and blocked conditions was only about half the difference between words and nonwords. (Bosman, 1996) Pseudohomophones are more orthographically word-like than their control nonwords in spite of their being roughly equated in terms of summed bigram frequencies. A stimulus such as brane is often referred to as a pseudohomophone in the word-recognition literature because it sounds like a real word despite the fact that it does not spell one. A common finding is that subjects in the lexical-decision task are slower to respond no to pseudohomophones like brane than to control items like frane. A related finding is seen in the naming task, except that the direction of the effect is reversed. Pseudohomophones like brane are named faster than control items like frane. (Ferrand Grainger, 1992) Pseudohomophones have also been used to explore differences between good poor young readers, differences between left and right hemisphere processing, sub-typing of young readers, mechanisms of spelling-to-sound-translation, dyslexic reading, types, of phonological codes and to identify the locus of word frequency effects in word recognition, identification and production. The standard explanation for these effects assumes that assembled phonology makes contact with lexical entries in the phonological lexicon. In the case of the lexical-decision task, this impairs performance because the output from the phonological lexicon signals the presence of a word (the phonological representation of brain) while the output from the orthographic lexicon signals that it is not a word, because there is no orthographic entry corresponding to brane. Resolving this conflict takes time. (Martin, 1982) In naming the process of assembling phonology for a visually presented nonword letter string that corresponds to a real word in the phonological domain is more efficient because of the interaction with a whole word representation in the phonological lexicon; nonwords that do not sound like a real word are denied this benefit. Because the presence of pseudohomophone effects in naming and lexical decision is embarrassing to a model which purports to give an account of these tasks, the tack they pursue is that pseudohomophone effects, when they are present in experiments, are not phonological in nature but simply reflect the fact that pseudohomophones are orthographically more similar to real words known to the reader than are the control items. (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson, 2007) Therefore, if pseudohomophones and control items are matched in terms of the orthographic and phonological error scores produced by the model, there will be no pseudohomophone effect in either naming or lexical decision. Indeed, this is the result they reported in one of their experiments. The application of pseudohomophones in lexical decision and priming paradigms for the study of adults with a history of developmental language disorders (DLD) has a distinct advantage over more explicit tests of phonological decoding such as nonword reading. With lexical decision measures it is possible to examine the early time course of phonological access and these techniques have been used effectively with a variety of patient populations that exhibit phonological processing deficits. The tasks tap implicit phonological awareness that may be present in the absence of explicit demonstrations that it exists. Based on previous research, it is predicted that the college-aged DLD readers in our study have phonological deficits that impact their word recognition ability and that this group will show less phonological awareness than their age-matched peers. (Simon, Petit, Bernard Rebai, 2007) Thus, our predictions for the current research are as follows. In the first experiment, a lexical decision task with pseudohomophones and orthographically controlled nonwords, it is predicted that control participants will show a typical pseudohomophone effect with slower and less accurate responses to pseudohomophones than to orthographic control nonwords. In contrast, it is predicted that the DLD group will not be as strongly influenced by the conflicting phonological information present in the pseudohomophone stimuli and will not show such an effect. In the second experiment investigating pseudohomophone semantic priming (e. g. , RANE-CLOUD) it is predicted that the non-DLD participants will produce reduced reaction times for target words when they are preceded by semantically related pseudohomophones. This predicted pattern of results would be consistent with the view that adults with a history of DLD continue to have phonological processing deficits. References Bosman AM; de Groot AM; Phonologic mediation is fundamental to reading: evidence from beginning readers.The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology; 1996 Aug; 49(3); p. 715-44 Crutch SJ; Warrington EK; Word form access dyslexia: understanding the basis of visual reading errors. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006); 2007 Jan; 60(1); p. 57-78 Ferrand L; Grainger J; Homophone interference effects in visual word recognition. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology; 2003 Apr; 56(3); p. 403-19 Ferrand L; Grainger J; Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: evidence from masked non-word priming. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology; 1992 Oct; 45(3); p. 353-72 Holcombe AO; Judson J; Visual binding of English and Chinese word parts is limited to low temporal frequencies. Perception; 2007; 36(1); p. 49-74 Johnson RL; Rayner K; Top-down and bottom-up effects in pure alexia: Evidence from eye movements. Neuropsychologia; 2007 Mar 7 Laxon V; Masterson J; Gallagher A; Pay J; Childrens reading of words, pseudohomophones, and other nonwords. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology; 2002 Apr; 55(2); p. 543-65 Martin RC; The pseudohomophone effect: the role of visual similarity in non-word decisions. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology A, Human experimental psychology; 1982 Aug; 34(Pt 3); p. 395-409

Comparative Paper Play School and Hi-5 Essay Example for Free

Comparative Paper Play School and Hi-5 Essay Despite all the modern excitements that Network 9’s Hi-5 presents, the traditional and ABC’s Play School offers more for early learners. These two children shows are compared in the features of form, purpose, audience and social context. Hi-5 is contemporary and fast paced reflecting the modern culture whereas Play School maintains a sense of simplicity and the traditional elements which still fulfil the 21st century child. The importance of Hi-5 is to entertain whereas Play School educates effectively. The purpose of the opening credits is to draw out the wanted moods of the audience. Apparently, each calming episode of Play School begins with its symbolic, cheerful tune introducing the familiar characters. The opening animation is set in softer tones which attract an open gender audience with characters inviting them to, â€Å"come inside.† This sets up a comforting atmosphere where the children feel valued and safe, allowing learning to take place. Through the opening credits, Play School displays traditional, simple values which emphasize and develop their main purpose of education. Hi-5 is very much concerned with image, consumerism and technology, and as seen in the opening credits, it immediately reinforces the main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant colours which are almost glowing and the coloured patterns, female titled the audience into a state of joy, somewhat reproducing the scene at a disco. The opening credits heavily feature their Hi-5 logo, which in turn is a devious form of product placement. Overall, both shows’ opening credits are shown in a uniquely way. Play School is presented in a calm and a peaceful playful way, whereas, Hi-5 is shown in an upbeat and over exaggerated enjoyable, fun way. Whereas Hi-5’s priority is to create excitement and sell the product through setting and music, Play School’s aim is to provide education in an enjoyable way and helping the children’s intell igence and development. Play School is filmed in a studio resembling a house, in a safe, comfortable and calming surrounding encouraging learning. The realistic setting is provided with familiar, recognizable features such as house lights and colourful curtains. Many aspects of learning are taught through well-known songs sung in the traditional, common style to the simple supplement of a piano. The natural lighting adds to this sense of reality, and a controlled colour frame creates a calm, familiar mood for the audience. Hi-5 too, is shot in a studio, however, it is filmed with the presence of a live audience emphasising a concert setting, reinforcing its main purpose of entertainment. The vibrant lights blink like a performance, and the setting is spare with no familiar objects. This reflects modern popular culture, celebrity obsession and playful fun. Yet, while unfamiliar, Hi-5 is still very exciting, inspiring the children’s imagination forcing them to use their imagination. This creates a happy atmosphere emphasising an exciting and energetic mood reinforcing the main purpose of entertainment. Therefore, both television shows have different and similar ways to engage the audience and their emotions. The structure of these two shows is controlled by the film techniques and technology. Hi-5 relies on flashing disco, coloured effects and cameras, whereas, Play School relies on a more naive approach. The constant, linear panning and minimal editing present in Play School reinforces the slow, calming mood. The viewer’s point of view is enhanced through the use of camera angles and a balanced full range of shots. This reinforces closeness and a connection between viewer and presenter. The minimal use of technology in Play School is non-threatening; everyday objects are used to make craft which breaks down social barriers and encourages imagination. The toys used are familiar and old-fashioned, encouraging a sense of tradition. Hi-5 however uses modern filming techniques with multiple cameras and fast, complex editing. The camera angles and differing points of view are unusual adding to the excitement and overexcited emotions. Combined into Hi-5 is animation, using props and graphics which appeal to a slightly older audience who live in a technological world. The props used, increase the party image preventing children from using their imagination. The main purpose is to entertain, whereas the purpose of Play School is to educate. So therefore, the features used in both programmes differ in order to meet the intended purposes. Through the use of soothing and calm tones, Play School enables their viewers to feel safe, while engaging them in learning. Through repetition, questions, instructions, alliteration and rhyme, the presenters repeat that learning is easy and fun. The combination of languages like in the simple song, â€Å"Bravo Bravisimo,† and the inclusion of sign language, Play School highlights social acceptance and multiculturalism creating a stronger bond between the viewer and th e presenters, reinforcing the purpose of education. The light, good humour is also combined to fulfil their secondary purpose of entertainment. Hi-5 uses the sophisticated and complex humour of jokes and parodies. Through giggling for instance, an exaggerated and happy tone is created as the presenters attempt to reflect a child’s intelligence. This is further reinforced through the regular use of everyday language creating an overly friendly environment, whereas, the exaggerated body language reinforces entertainment and excitement. Through developing forms, purposes, audiences and social context Hi-5 and Play School contrast hugely. It is clear that the purpose of Play School is to educate whereas entertainment is the main purpose of Hi-5. Through aiming the intended emotions at their audience, both these programs achieve their intended purpose and social context.

The Geographical Description Of Orlando

The Geographical Description Of Orlando State of Florida is located on the Gulf Coast in the south-eastern United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Orlando is a major city in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. The geography of Orlando is mostly wetlands, consisting of many lakes and swamps. The terrain is generally flat, making the land fairly low and wet. In the area there are hundreds of lakes and the largest one is Lake Apopka. Central Floridas bedrock is mostly limestone and very porous. The Orlando area is susceptible to sinkholes. Orlando International Airport is the busiest airport in Florida. Located 10.5km (6.5 miles) southeast of Orlando, the airport is served by more than fifty airlines. In the airport there are more than 100 retail shops, food and beverage outlets, and the airport is a self-contained environment with full service banking, currency exchange, salon and post office. Duration of the flight from Scotland can take between 11 18.5 hours, possibly with a connecting flight from London. The Rosen Inn is located west of the airport and the transfer time from the airport to the hotel is approximately 20 minutes. Local Time Zone Orlando is in the Eastern Time Zone and it is 5 hours behind of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) during the Eastern Standard Time and 4 hours behind of GMT during Daylight Saving Time. In Orlando the Daylight Saving Time (DST) started on Sunday, 13 March and will end on Sunday, 6 November. Description of Tour Operator Virgin Tour Operator has won several awards such as British Travel Award in 2007 and it is named Best Tour Operator to USA/Canada. The company was voted by the customer and received its third Best Package Holiday Company Long Haul award. Virgin Tour Operator offers excellent holiday packages to Florida and everywhere around the world. Virgin Holidays is the largest, extremely popular, and most successful transatlantic tour operator, it beats rival operators such as Thomas Cook and Jetlife. Description of Selected Holiday Walt Disney World Seaworld Orlando Rosen Inn Hotel Epcot Universal Orlando Resort Orlando International AirportThe holiday I have chosen as it was requested is in Orlando. The hotel that I selected is located in International Drive, which is one of Orlandos most lively and dynamic areas and is right in the centre of some of the worlds most famous theme parks and attractions, including museums, mini-golf courses and restaurants ranging from fast food to gourmet cuisine. Its also a shoppers paradise with designer outlet stores, shops and boutiques. The area can be explored by foot or by jumping on the I-Ride Trolley which served all the attractions along international Drive. Rosen Inn Hotel Within the hotel guests can enjoy Plaza Garden Restaurant, Lite Bite Deli with a late opening, Zebras Sports Bar and Grille with entertainment and bar menu until midnight. The smoking area is open on the outdoor patio deck. Smooth Java Coffee Bar is featuring Starbucks premium coffee products, fresh fruit smoothies and a variety of pastries. Food is served until midnight. The hotel has three swimming pools, electronic games room and childrens playground. Car hiring with free parking and breakfast are also included. Pointe Orlando shopping complex is on the opposite side offering some great clothes shops and twenty-one cinema screens. Free scheduled shuttle takes guests to the best attractions of the International Drive area. Universal Orlando Resort is 10 minute, Walt Disney Resort is 20 minute and SeaWorld Orlando is 5 minutes away from the accommodation. Resort representatives are available 7 days. Room Information All rooms have two double beds, featuring pillow-topped mattresses, radio alarm clock, refrigerator, microwave, coffee maker, electronic safe, iron and ironing board, TV with free Disney Channel and Premium Movie Channel. In-room pay-cinema channels are also available and there is a complimentary wireless internet in the rooms and throughout public areas of hotel. Rooms are air-conditioned and non-smoking. Climate Orlando has a subtropical and very humid climate. The average annual temperature is a comfortable 72.4  °F (22.4  °C). Average annual rainfall amounts to over 50 inches per year, keeping central Florida lush and green throughout the year. Prevailing winds are southerly at 9 mph. The average elevation of the region is 127 feet above sea level. There are two major seasons each year: Hot and rainy, lasting from June until late September. During this time the temperatures can be uncomfortably hot. Dry, warm season, from October through May; bringing less frequent rainfall, yet still with warm temperatures. Occasionally night time temperatures can plunge surprisingly low. Thunderstorms are common between May and September and tend to be short but heavy, offering some respite from the heat. Summer is also hurricane season from June to November. Of course everything is air conditioned in Orlando, the theme parks sell inexpensive umbrellas and rain parkas, and there are the water parks. Summer travel to Orlando Florida is still fun and winter travel is wonderful. Theme Parks Universal Orlando Resort Intl Drive North Area This is another exciting full day activity. At this real, working film and TV production facility visitors can go behind the scenes and jump right into the action of their favourite movies. Visitants can plunge into darkness on the psychological thrill ride, Revenge of the Mummy; see, hear and feel the action through the miracle of OgreVision in Shrek 4, save the earth from aliens on the interactive ride MEN IN BLACK Alien Attack, or experience the Universals newest coaster Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit. Walt Disney World Resort Area At Disneys Hollywood Studios is one of the best in popular entertainment. Visitors can experience what it feels like to be on the stage as a star from their own adventure and share it as part of the Magical Gatherings experience. Walt Disney World Resort Area Disney storytelling comes to life in a kingdom where visitors can see real and imaginary animals, thrilling attractions, shows and the majesty of the nature. This is another excellent day out offering lots of fun, wonder and adventure. Discovery Cove SeaWorld International Drive South Area Discovery Cove is a day of adventure and a lifetime of memories. Visitors can swim with dolphins, wade with mysterious rays, snorkel among thousands of tropical fish, and safely come eye-to-eye with sharks and barracudas, hand-feed exotic birds. Families can relax on genuine beaches and enjoy an all-inclusive day of discovery. Universals Islands of Adventure Universal Orlando Resort Intl Drive North Area It is an adventurous full day visit where visitors can experience five uniquely themed islands such as Seuss Landing, The Lost Continent, Jurassic Park, Toon Lagoon and Marvel Super Hero Island. Excursionists can battle villains in 3-D on The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, defy gravity as The Incredible Hulk Coaster takes them on a high-speed roller coaster rampage, escape the jaws of a T-Rex on the Jurassic Park River Adventure, brave white-water rapids on Popeye Blutos Bilge-Rat Barges or take a spin through the mischievous world of The Cat in the Hat. As newness The Wizarding World of Harry Potter provides visitors with a one-of-a-kind experience complete with multiple themed attractions, shops and a restaurant. Walt Disney World Resort Area Epcot is another fantastic full day visit where families have to opportunity to see fascinating cultures and numerous wonders of the world through dazzling shows, interactive experiences and amazing attractions. SeaWorld Orlando SeaWorld International Drive South Area In SeaWorld Orlando is an adventurous full day theme park where families can encounter up-close animal experiences, unforgettable performances, and the next generation of thrills. SeaWorlds all-new killer whale show connects guests to the sea, and killer whales, with a new level of energy and excitement while it educates and inspires them to make a difference in this world. Visitors can feed sea lions or get on the flying roller coaster. Orlando helps vacation adventures become lifelong memories. There is an onsite restaurant offering good selection of food to all families. Other attractions Gatorland 14501 South Orange Blossom Trail, Orlando Gatorland is located around 6.5 miles from the hotel. It is a 110-acre theme park and wildlife preserve, combining Old Florida charm with exciting, new exhibits and entertainment. It provides affordable-priced family fun with thousands of alligators, crocodiles, a childrens water park, aviary, breeding marsh with observation tower, petting zoo, nature walk, educational wildlife programs, gift shop, Floridas best train-ride, restaurant, and much more. Central Florida Zoo Botanical Gardens 3755 NW US Highway 17/92, Sanford, It is located around 30 miles from the hotel. It boast over 400 animals, 23 acres of native gardens, an Insect Zoo and Reptile House, a childrens zoo with animals, ZOOm Air Aerial Adventures, a splash playground, live animal encounters and many educational opportunities and demonstrations. Lake Eola Park 195 N Rosalind Avenue, Orlando Lake Eola Park is popular destination in the downtown area with beautiful surroundings, ideal for walking. Other activities available to park visitors include renting swan-shaped paddle boats, electric gondola boats, feeding the live swans and other birds inhabiting the park. Dangers of the weather Key rules for coping with heat are to drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration and to slow down and cool off when feeling fatigued, a headache, a high pulse rate or shallow breathing. Overheating can cause serious, even life-threatening conditions such as heat stroke. Dangers of heat include: Heat cramps: Exercising in hot weather can lead to muscle cramps, especially in the legs, because of brief imbalances in body salts. Cramps become less frequent as a person becomes used to the heat. Heat syncope or fainting: Anyone not used to exercising in the heat can experience a quick drop in blood pressure that can lead to fainting. As with heat cramps, the cure is to take it easy. Heat exhaustion: Losing fluid and salt through perspiration or replacing them in an imbalanced way can lead to dizziness and weakness. Body temperature might rise, but not above 38.8 °C. In some cases victims should be hospitalized. Heat exhaustion is more likely after a few days of a heat wave than when one is just beginning. The best defence is to take it easy and drink plenty of water. Dont take salt tablets without consulting a physician. Sunstroke: In some cases extreme heat can upset the bodys thermostat, causing body temperature to rise to 40 °C or higher. Symptoms are lethargy, confusion and unconsciousness. Even a suspicion that someone might be suffering from sunstroke requires immediate medical aid. Sunstroke can kill. How to avoid? It is strongly recommended to protect eyes from the rays of the sun by wearing sunglasses or a wide brim hat when being outdoors for an extended period of time. Avoid staying in direct sunlight between 10 a.m. and 16 p.m. During that period is suggested to stay in the shades. Strong physical activities should be postponed to periods when the temperature is at normal level and not above the bearable limit. It is essential to protect the skin from UV rays by using sun creams with high SPF values or umbrella. Jet Lag Jet lag is the temporary disruption of the body clock when flying across several time zones. This causes the travellers internal clock to be out of sync with the external environment. Causes of Jet Lag When traveling across a number of time zones, the body clock goes out of sync with the destination time, and so it experiences daylight and darkness contrary to the rhythms it has grown accustomed to. The bodys natural pattern therefore becomes upset as the rhythms which dictate when the person should eat and sleep no longer correspond to the environment of the destination. Jet lag occurs, because the body cannot automatically realign these rhythms. The speed at which the body readjusts itself to new daylight and darkness hours and eating and sleeping patterns is entirely dependent upon the individual. So while it may take a few days for certain people to readjust to a new time zone, others seem to experience little disruption to their bodys natural sleeping pattern. The symptoms of jet lag can be quite varied such as fatigue, exhaustion, inability to sleep, disorientation, lost desire to eat, headaches, stomach aches and a general feeling of fuzziness. How to reduce? Taking shoes off to ease pressure on feet, blindfolds, ear plugs, neckrests and blow-up pillows are all useful in helping to get quality sleep while flying. Walking up and down the aisle, standing for spells, and doing small twisting and stretching exercises in the seat, all help to reduce discomfort, especially swelling of legs and feet. The dry air in aircraft causes dehydration. Drinking plenty of non-alcoholic fluids counters this. Water is better than coffee, tea and fruit juices. Get plenty of exercise in the days prior to departure and try to avoid sickness such as the flu, colds and so on. Amenities of the area Local transport I-RIDE Trolley bus system is the only that services on International Drive and it is very popular by tourists. The regional public bus system that operates in Central Florida is called LYNX. The bus stops can be recognised by either a pink bus or a paw symbol on a round sign. Standard bus fare is $2 per person one way, with free transfers and daily passes also can be bought on the vehicles for $4.50. Weekly passes need to be purchased in advance from the website or outlets in the area and they cost $16. In addition, LYNX also offers a free bus system within Downtown Orlando called LYMMO. If you plan on using LYNX it is strongly recommended that you visit the official website for route information: www.golynx.com or call 407-841-LYNX. Money In the U.S dollar system one dollar equals 100 cents. One British pound is worth about $1.62 but this amount can be changed depending on the daily exchange rate. Currency changing facilities can be found at the airport, and many places offers money exchange in the International Drive such as major banks or the Visitor Centre. Food and Drink Orlando is becoming one of the top gastronomic places; the city offers a wide range of cuisine from all over the world. There are more than 4000 restaurants, breakfast buffets, steakhouses and so on. There are full-service restaurants at every theme park. However, some areas like International Drive offer a high conception of dining outlets. Well-known chains can be found such as Hard Rock Cafà ©, Outback Steakhouse, Planet Hollywood etcetera. One of Orlandos main dishes is the traditional African gumbo, but Moroccan Cous cous can also be mentioned which is made of beef or chicken with vegetables, Dim sum which is fried bread stuffed with meat, vegetables or fruit; the Mofongo which is fried banana with pork cracklings and garlic; and many other fantastic options. Other information Culture Orlando is influenced by many different cultures. For example there are evident Portuguese and Spanish cultural influences; the languages are still spoken in Orlando. In the city cultural opportunities offer a mix of modern and traditional entertainment for tourists such as live orchestral music, opera and ballet. The city has two professional ballet companies. Museums, theatres and galleries are also great choices for visitors. There are many cultural events which acknowledge the rich ethnic background of the people of Orlando. The heritage of nature and wildlife is also very noticeable in Orlando and it is home to some beautiful parks, lakes and bird and animal sanctuaries. History Florida was named and discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon in 1513 while he was looking for the mythical Fountain of Youth and claimed it for Spain. Florida was held by England and Spain at different times and later, in 1819 it was eventually sold to the United States. Before Orlando was only known for its citrus industries, cattle and cotton. Nowadays it had become one of the most executive tourist destinations. Tipping Tipping can be confusing in any country. Normally the tip is given to the staff is 15 20 %. Service personnel who tipped are like bartenders, drivers on public transports, table servers at dining venues, or beauticians. Porters are traditionally tipped $1 per bag. Many restaurants already include tips on the bill for groups of six or more. Therefore, its better to ask the staff if the tip has already been added to the check. Souvenirs There are lots of shops in International Drive, most of them Chinese-owned, and they are offering gifts for cheaper price than Walt Disney stores or the shops in the theme parks. In the souvenir shops T-shirts, tags, jewellery, pyjamas, costumes and a lot more can be purchased. It is guaranteed that everyone finds something unique and nice.

Brief Survey of Psychology :: essays research papers

Psychology seems to be like the science of perception turned into prejudices. I know there is a lot more to it than that, but that seemed to be what Kevin was focusing on. This does not mean bad prejudices like racial prejudices, but good ones like when I go to sleep tonight I will wake up tomorrow. I believe I will wake up tomorrow because I woke up today, if I did not believe that I might have a hard time getting to sleep since I would fear not waking up. So when people who saw a picture of a young girl, then they were shown a picture of both the old woman and the young girl together, they were very likely to fist see the young girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I like to think that I am able to think outside the box, but when told to draw four continuous lines through nine points in a box, my mind was unable to think outside that box! Psychology is a power tool because it allows us to take a step back and look at the big picture of individual behavior. We are more able to notice behavior that we take for granted, such as blaming outside influence for our failures, and attributing our success to our own hard work. I would like to think that now people know they how they attribute success and failure, that they would change their ways, and give credit where credit is do, plus attempt to right there wrongs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A topic that I believe could be studied from a social psychologist perspective, is the â€Å"Why do they hate us?† ideology following September 11 2001. Most believe they hate us because they desire our freedom, something for which we pride ourselves. Few people will even attempt to look for the real reasons, such as the 432 + governments we have overthrow since the Regan Administration or the arms we sell to tyrannical dictators. No it must be something good we did, because we only see the good we do. Conversely we only see the bad they do, that’s right the Koran is only about a Jihad and all the people in the middle east wear towels, so that’s why all the people in the middle east hate us, because the towels give them fevers, therefore they are crazy.

Social Justice In Education :: essays papers

Social Justice In Education â€Å"Social Justice in Education† by R. W. Connell discusses the role of education in society and the implications that social justice issues have on education. Connell begins by establishing that education and social justice can be examined separately yet they are inescapably linked through the social medium of their implementation. â€Å"Education concerns schools, colleges and universities, whose business is to pass knowledge on to the next generation. Social justice is about income, employment, pensions or physical assets like housing.†(Connell, 1993) Three points validating the equal importance of social justice and the education system to people of all delineations are: 1.) in Western society public schools are key forums of social interaction and comprise some of the largest social institutions 2.) educational institutions are highly economic bodies and have become â€Å"major public assets† (Connell, 1993) 3.) teaching becomes a vehicle by which so ciety is ultimately determined and has a great influence over society’s morality. Connell describes the meaning of justice in education as being â€Å"a question of fairness in distribution†¦ equality.†(Connell, 1993) â€Å"Justice cannot be achieved by distributing the same†¦ standard good to†¦ all social classes.†(Connell, 1993) By stating this, Connell summarizes that in the attempt to achieve equality, unequal means must be employed. The implications for teaching presented by Connell’s article are immense. The concept of equality in education and the equality of access to education are matters that are determined by the social constructs of the society in which we live. The notion of equality in education means that educators must approach all material and subject matter with a premise of unbiased predetermination. Music, math, science, fine arts, English, Japanese, history, etc†¦ must all be considered on a par. Our current educational system does not treat all subjects as equal in our public education system. The stereotypical reading, writing and arithmetic (primary subjects) take precedence over the fine arts and like subjects (secondary subjects). Social justice criteria as presented in this article, establish that economic variables are a means of determination for favouritism within the educational institution. Where the primary subjects receive ensured funding, the secondary subjects rec eive funding when deemed viable. This creates inequality at the very base of the institution itself. The result is degradation to all facets of the educational system. â€Å"The moral quality of education is inevitably affected by the moral character of educational institutions.

Yoga and its Relation to Health Essay -- spiritual goals, health benef

Yoga has been practiced for more than 5,000 years. There is an estimated 11 million Americans enjoying the health benefits of yoga. Though few people even know why. Most people think it’s just â€Å"Stretching†, But very few ever really stops to think about the health benefits of yoga. So let’s look at a few of these shall we? Some of the most commonly talked about benefits of yoga are the all-around fitness, weight loss, Stress relief, inner peace, improved immunity, living with greater awareness, better relationships, increased energy, better flexibility and posture, better intuition, increased lubrication of the joints ligaments and tendons, massages all of the organs in the body, complete detoxification, excellent toning of the muscles, reduced heart rate and blood pressure, increased lung function, helps with conditions such as anxiety, depression and insomnia, it has also shown positive effects on levels of certain brain and blood chemicals. So Besides the spiritual goals, the asana of yoga are used to reduce or get rid of health problems reduce stress and make the spine supple. In current times yoga is also used as a complete exercise program and physical therapy routine. The focus of yoga is on calm mindfulness, controlled breathing along with physical movement bringing with it benefits with regular practice. As most people are aware of Yogis sleep better with increased energy levels, and muscle tone, release of muscle pain and stiffness, improves circulation and over all better health. But few people know the breathing aspect of yoga can benefit heart rate and blood pressure. Three main focuses of Hatha Yoga are exercise, breathing and meditation. Making it a great choice for people suffering from hea... .... Yes there is some out there that say yoga is just stretching but those people are only partially right. Yoga unites mind, body and soul so it is obvious it can be used to treat mental and physical conditions. So there for yoga is so much more than most people perceive. Personally yoga has helped me out allot I use to have depression, anxiety, sleep problems and lower back pain. Yes I know I use to be a mess lol. One day I decided to try yoga and my life has been changed ever since. I no longer have any of these problems and I thank yoga for it. Resources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832673 http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/the-health-benefits-of-yoga http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga#Health_benefits_ascribed_to_yogasana_practice http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga#Medicine

Why I Want to Do Medicine

I have not had a member of my family dramatically saved by a revolutionary surgeon. I have not been influenced at a young age by a caring GP. I have not dreamt of being a doctor for my entire life, nor played doctors and nurses as a child. These things often belong to television medical dramas, not real life. And real life is what I have experienced. I have seen friends and colleagues so tired from nights of endless study that they answer the ward phone â€Å"Countdown Dunedin, Patricia here† (their part time job from over ten years ago). I have seen them despair at not only not knowing what to do for their favourite patient, but not knowing what to do for the 15 other patients on their list for the day. Everyday I witness their frustration at not being able to either give their full attention to a patient, disappointment at not being able to convey the consequences of chronic medication non-compliance and the general day to day stresses of hospital life compounded with their medical inexperience. Yet I state – I want to be a doctor. Over the past five years I have been a clinical pharmacist. I am a good pharmacist – I have sound knowledge in pharmaceutics and pharmacology, I have had wonderful relationships with health professionals of all ages and specialties and I take pride in my work and ability to relate to patients. I have risen through staff structure to be a clinical and department team leader, as well as being an active member of various hospital and national health groups – roles I enjoy due to their pro-active healthcare approach. One part of my job involves teaching and working closely with medical staff. Some have said to me â€Å"I bet you hate having to lecture us about medicines all the time†, but what they don’t realise is that it’s often one of the best parts of my job. Through them I get to hear about the complications and the challenges that face them everyday and I love to hear their stories. At the moment I feel like I am close, but yet so far, to doing what I really love. Don’t get me wrong, pharmacy provides an invaluable service to patients as well as the healthcare team in total, and I am very proud to be a part of it. But when I’m constantly going the extra mile to find out more about a patient’s condition, the cause, the pathology, the presentation – things a pharmacist doesn’t necessarily need to know – I realise that this is really where my passion lies. The clues that blood results and other laboratory findings can give as well as the procedures and techniques that are used, continue to intrigue me. But most importantly, bringing all of these aspects together and having the knowledge, skill and belief that you can improve your patient’s well being for perhaps only a few days, is the most appealing part of medicine to me. I have had a taste of the satisfaction that can come from improving a patient’s condition in a few instances, and knowing that I had a part in it provided me with a â€Å"high† for days. When I think of what made it enjoyable, it wasn’t the medicine review or simply even the inclusion in the medical team. It was the amount I learnt, combined with the treatment process and responsibility of a decision and then the resulting gratitude from the patient and their family – all things that I will never forget. And while I know there will be many hard days ahead, the constant challenge and the feeling of fulfilment from the patients you may be able to make an impact on (or may make an impact on you) will be my driving force to continue to learn and relish coming back day after day. This is not a decision I have made lightly. The sensible and logical side of me knows that remaining a pharmacist will give me a comfortable life and that medical school is just the start of life-long study, late nights and daily second-guessing. But I also know that you can’t truly succeed in a position where you aren’t passionate about your work. Medicine is something I have been interested in for years and I have continued to seek more from it, despite initial setbacks and alternative career choices. I have experienced hospital life as well as the real world and have spoken with â€Å"mature† house surgeons who have been in a similar position to mine and who re-iterate the daily struggles mentioned. But they also state that they would do it all over again for the satisfaction they get from their job. I want that. And I believe I would do it well.

Philippines and Mayor Vice Mayor

Antonio Pigafetta Magellan's Italian expeditionary ethnographer, went ashore in 1521 to parley with the ruler of Limasawa, they sat together in a boat drawn up on shore which Pigafetta called a balangai Barangay/ Balangai Word for boat also being used for the smallest unit of Tagalog society Barrio Colonial term, a political unit loyal toa local boss Heroic Leadership This perks up their readiness to serve the people's needs, whether prioritize as egular or urgent. Ferdinand Magellan A Portuguese born leader of five Spanish ships, stumbled onto islands in 1521 in his search for the lucrative spices of the Indies Enrique Slave of Magellan who returned to Spain to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe Reduccion Barangays were coaxed or coerced into towns (cabeceras) organized around a newly built church with a resident friar Visitas Small outlaying settlements equipped with a chapel to receive a visiting friar Reduccion Cabeceras District capitals Poblaciones Towns Barrios/B arangays Villages SitiosHamlets Bajo de la campana Under the church bells To bring all indios into Christian communities balo de la campana and to accurately count the population in order to collect the tribute, the combined goals of church and state carried under friar supervision. Muros wall Intramuros (Inside the wall) Were hordes of Spaniards, leading indios, and important institutions of church and Lived non-Christians, dispossessed datus at odds with the new order, and Chinese as well as foreign communities. Encomiendas Granted by King Philip II Wich is the administrative right to collect tribute and draft abor from among the inhabitants of a defined geographical area, along with the responsibility to protect them and provide religious instruction. Polo y servicios Mobilized by the cabeza de barangay.The compulsory 40-day labor per year rendered by tribute payers to the state Servicio Was performed by men and women and consisted largely of domestic service in churches and conv ents Polo Was hard labor performed by men: constructing government buildings and churches

Division of the Department of Education Essay

The Cebu City Schools Division of the Department of Education (DepEd) is reminding public school canteens about the policy prohibiting the selling of junk food and softdrinks. According to the Education Program Supervisor Delia Kiamco, they are regularly monitoring public school canteens to ensure that they only sell nutritious food. Business and sanitary permits and other licenses are annually checked by DepEd to assure that the food sold in the canteen are clean and safe. Kiamco said that those who are managing canteens should always bear in mind that service and not profit is the main consideration in operating a school canteen. As provided for under DepEd Order 17, only nutrient-rich and fortified food shall be made available in school canteens. Processed fortified food should bear the ‘Sangkap Pinoy’ seal. Among beverages, only milk, vegetable and fruit shakes and juices are allowed. Kiamco said that in order to curb the malnutrition problem among school children, selling of soft drinks and other carbonated drinks, sugar-based synthetic or artificially flavored juices and junk food are prohibited since these are detrimental to children’s health. DepEd also prohibits the use of mono sodium glutamate or vetsin in food. Only iodized salt should be used to help eliminate the iodine deficiency disorder among school children. School canteen operators are required to post their menu indicating nutritional value on a bulletin board within the school canteen premises. Label dilemma However, Kiamco said that because almost all junk food brands in the market have the â€Å"Sangkap Pinoy† and Fortified seal some canteens justify their sale. â€Å"Sometimes, canteen operators are after money making. We are strongly implementing the food service teachers from selling softdrinks and junk food,† Kiamco said. Kiamco said that they will hold another meeting to decide what action to take on food products with Sangkap Pinoy and Fortified labels. She is asking the public to report to DepEd if there are any public school canteens that still sell prohibited food and drinks. DedEd is also having problems with those selling junk food outside school campuses. â€Å"We cannot do anything against these vendors outside the schools except to remind students not to patronize them,† said Kiamco. /Christine Emily L. Pantaleon, Correspondent

Global and regional environmental Essay

People across the globe are being affected by global and regional environmental changes. The drastic environmental problems such ozone layer depletion and climate change are as a result of over consumption, unsustainable life styles and unhealthy patterns of development (Harris, 47). Environmental problems are likely to hit the marginalized and the poor first often with drastic consequences but latter they will also affect the privileged. Unless these environmental problems are curbed they are threatening to cause havoc to the life support systems and the ecosystems. This will therefore lead to an immense and unprecedented crisis for the whole humanity. To achieve sustainable development and the health of the environment it requires drastic changes in the current global order and formulation of the alternative ways of thinking. Within environmental movements there are huge wealth of experiences, ideas and visions of what an alternative environmental sustainable and people oriented societies can look like. Environmental destruction has always been part of the human history (Harris, 48). Throughout time the problems of the environment have been important factors affecting the health of people both at regional and global level. The pressure on the environment has increased enormously as a result of changing scales of the human society increases and development of the technology. This problem is fuelled by the runaway global economic systems which have created over consumption (unprecedented affluence) and enormous level of poverty. The environmental problems now threaten to cause irreversible harm to the ecosystems and increase inequalities on a global scale (Pickering & Owen, 117). Some of the environmental problems are immediate local problems whose their causes can be known and their solutions be identified. On the other hand other environmental problems are incredibly complex and they are often complex to handle. Such environmental problems involve much uncertainty and affect the whole globe and are the result of combined human behavior. These problems are maintained and embedded on the societal structures (Harris, 50). Some critics argue that environmental problems are as a result of the present day population growth especially in the third world countries and natural resources depletion in the highly industrialized countries (Harris, 50). Alarmist argue that the explosive population growth in less developed countries and overexploitation of the non renewable resources by the highly industrialized countries are combining to produce sets of condition which cannot be sustained in the long-run by our finite world. The population problems of third world countries constitute an impediment to social economic development and can pose a threat to depletion of natural resources. However relatively low crude population densities in many third world countries with exception of some few areas they do not produce population pressure on the natural resources (Harris, 52). Most of the third worlds countries have an even population distribution and few urban centers are becoming overcrowded. High rates of population growth in third world countries is as a result of high and constant fertility that have possibilities of reducing mortality due to the improved health facilities. Because of high proportion of children and high patterns of fertility heavy dependence burden is produced within the populations in most third world countries. The heavy dependence implies large expenditures of provision of employment and education for the growing population (Pickering & Owen, 134). Most bureaucrats, economists and political leaders in third world countries especially in Africa argue that third world countries in Africa have abundant resources which have not yet been tapped. They also argue that large area in Africa have not been inhabited and therefore the political question that population growth put pressure on the limited natural resources should not be taken seriously (Harris, 53). There is need for the political leaders, economist and bureaucrats to know the prospect of the third world countries in terms of the resources base that can absorb the population problems of the third world countries (Harris, 54). In comparison to other industrialized countries for example Europe nations the land under cultivation in third world African countries is three times higher per capita, the livestock per capita is two times higher, the grazing land per each unit of livestock is a bout seven times higher while the mineral resources out put of third worlds countries in Africa constitute one tenth of the mineral output of the whole world (Harris, 54). The primary energy resources of the third world countries are enormous which are comprised of natural gas and petroleum product coal and hydro power for example 32 percent of world hydro power which can be exploited, 12 percent of reserves of uranium and 60 percent of thorium reserves are found in Africa third world countries. Despite the abundant resources of the third world countries most countries in Africa are under developed (Harris, 57). It would be a weak argument to suggest that the high population growth in the third world countries is the root cause of their underdevelopment. However the high population growth of the third world countries is an important factor that impedes development. The rapid population growth constitutes pressure on the arable land. Several million hectares of land are being degraded in third world countries (Pickering & Owen, 204). The degradation of land can be linked to population pressure and poverty, values and attitude of people weak tenure systems and land management and drought which often results in over exploitation of the natural resources such as the trees used for fuel wood, overgrazing deforestation and unsustainable agricultural activities. Degradation has decreased land productivity, increased desertification and causes loss of arable land in most third world countries (Pickering & Owen, 206). As a result of degradation in the third world countries there is less food than can be produced in degraded lands and also the availability of biomass is greatly reduced. Land degradation also makes the ecosystems to be less resilient and increases chances of malnutrition and susceptibility of diseases in the local populations. Third world countries like china, Ethiopia, Brazil, Nepal, India and most African countries have caused much of environmental degradation. In recent time the respective government has began to introduce policies to minimize the extensive environmental degradation that their countries are facing (Pickering & Owen, 213). The environmental policies have been developed soon after formation of and applying pressure by several activist groups in the field of environment. Initially before the activist groups applied pressure the governments in the third world countries did not see any needs to develop environmental policies. Environmental degradation is only the problem of the third world countries and most often thirds world countries have make do with what they owns and usually they compete with large populations (Pickering & Owen, 208). Once a natural resource for example water is degraded it become of little use to the people. On the other hand western or industrialized countries have a higher standard of living than third world countries or less developed countries. In developed countries the communities have access to electricity, clean water, housing, employment, refrigeration, clothing, food, heating, hospital, schools, medicines, machinery, manufacturing, communication and road thus in the process they consume much of the resources (Pickering & Owen, 209). The communities of the third world poor countries do not have access to these things and they rely on what they can hunt, gather or grow. People in the third world countries acquire other things if they have surplus produce to sell and therefore are disadvantaged to gain access to power supply, telecommunication, railways and roads thus becomes difficult to access the few schools hospitals etc and therefore third world countries are not degrading the environment as much as the developed nations (Pickering & Owen, 210).

Critically discuss how one method in Media and Cultural Studies Essay

Critically discuss how one method in Media and Cultural Studies presented in term 2 of the module has been applied to an aspect of everyday life - Essay Example In terms of media-oriented cultural studies, and with the onslaught of various media brought about by post-globalization, ethnography have developed several methods that have departed itself from the traditional concept of qualitative research to a more reflexive approach that is more dependent in terms of interpretations, analysis, and assumptions of the researcher (Barker, p. 32-33). This paper is aimed at studying the application of various ethnographic methods through up-to-date, relevant examples of its usage and provides an analysis of each of the methods’ strengths and weaknesses. A classic ethnographic method that has undergone a postmodern approach is participant observation. Traditionally, participant observation involves empirical field work through participation in the day-to-day activities of the object of study with informal interviews towards better understanding of the meaning and reasoning behind the activities being performed. The time frame of study varies but has steadily declined over the years due to the cost and complexity of the method (as cited in Pickering, p. 107-108). With the proliferation of mass media such as television and internet, participant observations have become part of a pop cultural phenomenon not only dedicated in educating people about various cultures of isolated ethnic groups but creating a spectacle out of it. Take for instance National Geographic Channel’s Meet the Natives UK (2007) and Discovery Channel’s Adventures of Mark and Olly: Living with the Kombai (2007). Both television programs are aimed at documenting culture through the eyes of the observers—through their own interpretation of the culture. In Meet the Natives UK (2007), five tribesmen from Tanna in the South Pacific made the journey to Britain to observe and participate on various aspects of the English’ culture. With it, the tribesmen would constantly analyze and compare Britain’s culture [and technology] from their own thus

Operational Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operational Management Principles - Essay Example Expansion of the plant would be an ideal solution which will solve all the issues related movement of the equipment, tracks, men and if any repairing to be carried out. The establishment itself should be planned in a manner that if in future when it is required to expand the plant then the existing plant layout should be valuable for a change. The primary concern is for the movement of carriers and tracks. If we come out with a solution such as, issuing tokens to trucks at the gate, which will be, have information like what type of load would be placed and quantity of load specified to transit through the plant. And to which point the trucks should report for loading or collecting the compliments only those trucks should be allowed at the particular points with tokens. This procedure will rule out the fault that the drivers getting impatient wasting at the point and baking. One more solution is to increase the number of points for the product pickups. This procedure will if implemented then drivers need not have to wait for long hours. If we employ a few supervisors at the transport which will help the customer contracted trucks to pass immediately from gate to gate which may take less than two hours from gate to gate and will also help in earning the goodwill for the company. With these kinds of changes, you can schedule the trucks for the product pickup within 4 hours notice. Even 2 hours notice before the purchase can also be served with ease. The customer contracted trucks appearing at the gate with an unanticipated purchase order can also be entertained and can be regulated to the respective pickup points thereby pleasing the customers with high-end professional service.

Decision Support System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Decision Support System - Assignment Example The clinical field is one of the areas that the management has to handle a lot of information from their daily records, patient responses or even from the social media platforms. Notably, a number of health firms have deployed data driven DSS to streamline their decision making process, providing an opportunity to impact changes within the organizational level. It is on this rationale that DSS becomes recommendable for any clinics that intend to remain efficient in the big data era. In the era of big data, organizations have been faced by a number of challenges while making their management decisions. Notably, organizations use data to inform their decision making process as one way of ensuring accuracy and reliability in business development. However, clinical organizations are experiencing a challenge in handling large loads of data that are now available for decision making. A number of health facilities have to collect data from all its branches and use this data to monitor their business performance and make future decision for their operation. All data including information from patient records, customer feedbacks and other departments are crucial while launching an organization’s strategic plan. In the presence of big data, it storage, processing, analysis and presentation are present challenges for the management (Turban, Sharda, Delen & Efraim, 2007). Secondly, big data requires a lot of time to process while business decisions are time sensitiv e in a dynamic business environment. Therefore, managers need important efficient mechanisms of acting on available information. According to a study by MIT, many corporations have either already adopted a data-centric model for decision making, or indicated that implementation of such a model was a top priority (Turban, Sharda, Delen & Efraim, 2007). Top performing businesses are five times more likely to use

Quantitative reasoning and analysis week 3 Essay

Quantitative reasoning and analysis week 3 - Essay Example However, the case of learners is very much different, which makes Cheng a good researcher because using real-world settings have factors that differ from controlled settings. To support this argument, many studies pursued in relation with No Child Left Behind Act were quasi-experimental designs. The rationale behind this according to Angrist (2003) was that numerous studies done before in the classroom that involved technology (computer-aided instruction) â€Å"relies on uncontrolled measurements, such as the level of satisfaction experienced by technology users†. Angris (2003) also noted that the subjects reported satisfaction in using new technology ( who wouldn’t after all?). Joshua Angrist has made several studies that focused on educational research specifically using CAI and used quasi-experimental design. Like Cheng, he has also considered the numerous aspects that can affect validity and came up with high validity. In conclusion, when it comes to educational res earch that uses technology in real-world settings, quasi-experimental method would be the most suited approach to have a credible research. Angrist, J. (2003) Randomized Trials and Quasi-Experiments in Education Research .  The National Bureau of Economic Research.

The Learning Curves Theory Review of the Pizza Store Layout Simulation Essay

The Learning Curves Theory Review of the Pizza Store Layout Simulation - Essay Example The first assumption evaluates the time that a business requires to complete routine tasks (Anderson & Parker, 2002). They further explain that the second assumption measures the degree of improvement that reduces when volume is increased. Lastly, the learning curve theory estimates the rate of predictable improvement in an organization over a set period. Mario Pizziera’s management team increases the number of tables in tables of four and two to 10 and 8 respectively. The team also increases the waiting staff to a total of six employees who serve customers and three kitchen staff to prepare Mario’s tasty pizzas. The overall output of these changes in the restaurant increase table utilization by 93.85 % in the tables that four customers occupy. Previously, table utilization was 99.56% on tables that a batch of four customers occupied in the restaurant. The total number of customers that balk in tables of four is 37. Mario’s restaurant tables are distributed and i ncreased to ten and eight in tables of four and two respectively to increase productivity and profits. The tables that four customers occupy in the restaurant upsurges to 107 groups of customers but 17 groups walk out without receiving Mario’s service and pizzas. Tables that host a batch of two customers increase in utilization by 88%. The number of groups in tables that two customers occupy increases to 69, but 2 groups balk. The time that customers wait for services and food are 5.63 minutes and a queue length of 2.46 minutes. The profits during this organizational change amount to $1,308 but lost sales are worth $540. Mario wants more profits and sales, which prompts for an adjustment in the pizza layout simulation process. ... Mario Pizziera has only two manual ovens that function well. The processing time for pizza increases to 15 minutes while the time that time that waiting staff utilize in serving customers increases to 13 minutes from 8 minutes. Mario’s management team improvises a new menu order that is automatic. They also purchase two new Plax ovens that process faster than the manual ovens. Two Plax ovens increase the number of groups of customers that occupy tables for two by 68 groups, but 2 groups balk without Mario’s pizza. Tables that host groups of four customers increase by 108 groups, but 10 groups walk out without pizza. The tables that host a batch of four customers per table has a decrease in utility by 80.40%. However, the waiting time for customers decreases to 3.96 minutes and 2.44 minutes for queue length. Mario’s waiting staff utility level increases by 90.83% but the kitchen staff experiences under utility by 68%. The new Plax ovens need less of the staff effo rts in preparing pizza. Mario Pizziera’s profits increase to $1,665 and lost sales decrease to $330. Mario implements a promotional strategy that will market the pizza restaurant to potential customers and increase demand. He creates a take-out counter and cream puffs as new products and services in the restaurant. Tables that host a batch of two customers in each table hold 98 groups but 9 groups walk out without Mario’s pizza. The eight tables that host two customers in a meal have 79.86% utility. Tables that host a batch of four customers accommodate for 141 groups, but 19 groups balk. The utilization of table four in the restaurant is 79.84%. The take-out counter does not have any customers. Mario’s wait staff increase utility